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Old Style (O.S.) and New Style (N.S.) are sometimes used with dates to indicate whether the Julian year has been adjusted to start on 1 January (N.S.), even though documents written at the time use a different start of year (O.S.), or whether a date conforms to the Julian calendar (O.S.), formerly in use in many countries, rather than the Gregorian (N.S.).〔(Death warrant of Charles I ) web page of the (UK National Archives ). A demonstration of New Style, meaning Julian calendar with a start of year adjustment.〕〔(The October (November) Revolution ) Britannica encyclopaedia, A demonstration of New Style meaning the Gregorian calendar.〕〔Stockton, J.R. (Date Miscellany I: The Old and New Styles ) "The terms 'Old Style' and 'New Style' are now commonly used for both the 'Start of Year' and 'Leap Year' (calendar) ) changes (England & Wales: both in 1752; Scotland: 1600, 1752). I believe that, properly and historically, the 'Styles' really refer only to the 'Start of Year' change (from March 25th to January 1); and that the 'Leap Year' change should be described as the change from Julian to Gregorian."〕〔Spathaky, Mike (Old Style New Style dates and the change to the Gregorian calendar ). "increasingly parish registers, in addition to a new year heading after 24th March showing, for example '1733', had another heading at the end of the following December indicating '1733/4'. This showed where the New Style 1734 started even though the Old Style 1733 continued until 24th March. ... We as historians have no excuse for creating ambiguity and must keep to the notation described above in one of its forms. It is no good writing simply 20th January 1745, for a reader is left wondering whether we have used the Old or the New Style reckoning. The date should either be written 20th January 1745 O.S. (if indeed it was Old Style) or as 20th January 1745/6. The hyphen (1745-6) is best avoided as it can be interpreted as indicating a period of time."〕 Closely related is double dating, which uses two consecutive years because of differences in the starting date of the year, or includes both the Julian and Gregorian dates. The Gregorian calendar replaced the Julian in Catholic countries beginning in 1582. This change was also implemented in Protestant and Orthodox countries some time later. In England and Wales, Ireland, and the British colonies, the change of the start of the year and the changeover from the Julian calendar occurred in 1752 under the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750. In Scotland, the legal start of the year had already been moved to 1 January (in 1600), but Scotland otherwise continued to use the Julian calendar until 1752.〔(Old Style New Style dates and the change to the Gregorian calendar ) GENUKI – UK and Ireland Genealogy〕Many cultures and countries now using the Gregorian calendar have different old styles of dating, depending on the type of calendar they used before the change. The Latin equivalents of O.S. and N.S., which are used in many languages, are ''stili veteris'' (genitive) or ''stilo vetere'' (ablative), abbreviated ''st.v.'' and respectively meaning , and correspondingly ''stili novi'' or ''stilo novo'', abbreviated ''st.n.'' and meaning "(of/in) new style".The Latin abbreviations may be capitalized differently by different users, e.g., ''St.n.'' or ''St.N.'' for ''stili novi''.〔 There are equivalents for these terms in other languages as well, such as the German ''a.St.'' ("''alten Stils''" for O.S.). ==Start of the year in the historical records of Britain and its colonies and possessions== When recording British history it is usual to use the dates recorded at the time of the event,〔British official legal documents of the 16th and 17th centuries were usually dated by the regnal year of the monarch. As these commence on the day and date of the monarch's accession, they normally span two consecutive calendar years and have to be calculated accordingly, but the resultant dates should be unambiguous.〕 with the year adjusted to start on 1 January. But the start of the Julian year was not always 1 January, and was altered at different times in different countries. From the 12th century to 1752, the civil or legal year in England began on 25 March (Lady Day)〔Nørby, Toke. (The Perpetual Calendar: What about England ) Version 29 February 2000〕 so for example the execution of Charles I was recorded at the time in Parliament as happening on 30 January 1648 (Old Style).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= House of Commons Journal Volume 8, 9 June 1660 (Regicides) )〕 In modern English-language texts this date is usually shown as "30 January 1649" (New Style).〔 The corresponding date in the Gregorian calendar is 9 February 1649, the date by which his contemporaries in some parts of continental Europe would have recorded his execution. In the 19th century, there was a difference of 12 days between the two calendars, so 25 March in the Julian calendar was 6 April in the Gregorian calendar, and 6 April is still the first day of the fiscal year in the United Kingdom. The O.S./N.S. designation is particularly relevant for dates which fall between the start of the modern year (1 January) and the start of the contemporary year, which was 25 March in England and Wales until 1752 (see Julian year article). During the years of transition between the first introduction of the Gregorian calendar in continental Europe and its introduction in Britain, contemporary usage in England started to change.〔 In Britain 1 January was celebrated as the New Year festival,〔(Tuesday 31 December 1661 ), (Pepys Diary ) "I sat down to end my journell for this year, .."〕 but the "year starting 25th March was called the Civil or Legal Year, although the phrase Old Style was more commonly used."〔 To reduce misunderstandings about the date, it was normal in parish registers to place a new year heading after 24 March (for example "1661") and another heading at the end of the following December, "1661/62", to indicate that in the following few weeks the year was 1661 Old Style but 1662 New Style.〔Spathaky, Mike (Old Style New Style dates and the change to the Gregorian calendar ). "An oblique stroke is by far the most usual indicator, but sometimes the alternative final figures of the year are written above and below a horizontal line, as in a fraction, thus: . Very occasionally a hyphen is used, as 1733-34."〕 Some more modern sources, often more academic ones, also use the "1661/62" style for the period between 1 January and 25 March for years before the introduction of the Gregorian calendar in England, (See for example The History of Parliament).〔See for example this biographical entry: 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Old Style and New Style dates」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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